Sleep is not a passive state of “shutting down.” While the body rests, the brain is intensely active—consolidating memories, regulating emotions, clearing metabolic waste, and restoring neural connections. When sleep is shortened, fragmented, or consistently inadequate, these processes are disrupted in measurable ways. Modern neuroimaging has made one thing clear: sleep deprivation affects different brain regions differently, and those changes explain many of the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms people experience when they’re tired.
Understanding which parts of the brain are affected—and how—can help explain why sleep loss impacts everything from decision-making to mood regulation to impulse control.
